In this period, research concentrated on how maternal nutrition and lifestyle shape fetal growth, with emphasis on energy balance, folate status, calcium metabolism, and metabolic responses to fasting. Studies leveraged observational designs and controlled interventions to connect prenatal intake with birth outcomes, setting the stage for nutrition-focused prenatal care and population-level supplementation strategies. The field moved toward integrating nutritional counseling into obstetric care and recognizing population-specific nutrient deficiencies as critical determinants of perinatal health.